1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:06,466
Welcome to the Cerro Coso Community College Library’s tutorial on citing in APA. 

2
00:00:06,466 --> 00:00:11,566
APA 
provides a uniform standard for formatting, punctuation, style, and citation.  

3
00:00:11,566 --> 00:00:17,132
It is developed and used by the American Psychological Association and many courses in the social sciences. 

4
00:00:17,133 --> 00:00:21,966
In this video, we will be focusing on using and citing sources in APA format.


5
00:00:21,966 --> 00:00:24,932
So why do we need to cite our sources?  

6
00:00:24,933 --> 00:00:27,099
The most important answer is to avoid plagiarism.  

7
00:00:27,100 --> 00:00:33,000
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, plagiarism is the act of passing someone else’s work off as your own. 

8
00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:38,833
In an academic setting, copying someone else’s words without giving them credit can carry severe consequences, 

9
00:00:38,833 --> 00:00:40,899
both in college and in your career.

10
00:00:40,900 --> 00:00:45,366
Citing sources allows us to avoid plagiarism by giving credit to the original authors. 

11
00:00:45,366 --> 00:00:49,166
This benefits those authors by recognizing their contributions to the field.

12
00:00:49,166 --> 00:00:53,599
By using outside sources, you also strengthen the credibility of your own argument.  

13
00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:57,266
Not only will quoting other sources help prove that you are not making things up, 

14
00:00:57,266 --> 00:01:04,232
but your essay will be more impressive if you can lean on the authority of experts in your field by using their words to back up your arguments.

15
00:01:04,233 --> 00:01:09,266
Finally, citing your sources allows your readers to look up your sources and use them to further their own research. 

16
00:01:09,266 --> 00:01:15,032
This also allows them to determine for themselves whether the information is credible and whether you might be misrepresenting the 

17
00:01:15,033 --> 00:01:17,133
original author’s intentions. 

18
00:01:17,133 --> 00:01:20,699
You do not need to cite every statement made in your essay.  

19
00:01:20,700 --> 00:01:22,200
So what should you cite?  

20
00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:27,500
It depends.  You do not need to cite common knowledge, general information, or data you have collected yourself.  

21
00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:32,800
Most people know that George Washington is the first US President and that Google is a popular search engine.  

22
00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:39,933
However, very few people just happen to know that George Washington’s father owned 10,000 acres of land or that 65% of web searches are 

23
00:01:39,933 --> 00:01:41,033
done using Google. 

24
00:01:41,033 --> 00:01:44,099
This data came from a specific source and you will need to cite that source.  

25
00:01:44,100 --> 00:01:51,933
You will also need to cite your source whenever you quote something word for word or when you use an image, chart, or graph that someone else 

26
00:01:51,933 --> 00:01:52,933
has created.  

27
00:01:52,933 --> 00:01:56,833
When you are unsure about whether something needs to be cited, it is usually better to err on the side of citing.

28
00:01:56,833 --> 00:02:03,933
You don’t want to overwhelm your paper with quotes.  Use quotes sparingly, and integrate them only where they will strengthen your 

29
00:02:03,933 --> 00:02:09,466
argument.  You should also use at least twice as much space to explain the quote as the quote itself takes up.  

30
00:02:09,466 --> 00:02:15,199
Since your job is to provide analysis in your paper, you should not let a quote stand on its own without devoting some time to explain its 

31
00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:21,133
purpose.  Use quotes to support your ideas, rather than rephrasing the information found in quote.  

32
00:02:21,133 --> 00:02:22,466
After all, this is your paper!

33
00:02:22,466 --> 00:02:29,166
Every citation comes in two parts.  The first part, the in-text citation is located in the body of your 

34
00:02:29,166 --> 00:02:30,366
paper.  

35
00:02:30,366 --> 00:02:33,732
This is where you will quote someone’s words or summarize their ideas and relate it to your own argument.  

36
00:02:33,733 --> 00:02:39,499
The second part is the bibliographic citation, often located in a separate References page.  

37
00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:44,400
This is where you write out the full citation of the item where the information you quoted can be found.


38
00:02:44,400 --> 00:02:46,700
We will look at both of these in greater detail.

39
00:02:46,700 --> 00:02:52,333
Direct quotes are words and sentences that are lifted directly from the source material.  

40
00:02:52,333 --> 00:02:58,566
All direct quotes should generally be enclosed between two quotation marks, followed by parentheses that include the author’s last name, 

41
00:02:58,566 --> 00:03:01,632
the year of publication, and the page number where the quote is found.  

42
00:03:01,633 --> 00:03:06,066
Make sure the period that ends the sentence is outside both the quotation mark and the parentheses. 

43
00:03:06,066 --> 00:03:12,732
As long as the information is all present and it is clear whose words are whose, you can vary this formula by breaking up the quote with text of your 

44
00:03:12,733 --> 00:03:18,233
own or integrating the author’s name into the sentence and including only the year and page number in the parentheses. 

45
00:03:18,233 --> 00:03:26,633
You can also add to or delete from quotes as necessary.  Sometimes you will need to add additional words or change verb tenses and 

46
00:03:26,633 --> 00:03:29,733
pronouns in order for a quote to flow with the rest of your paper.  

47
00:03:29,733 --> 00:03:33,933
You can do this by bracketing the information that you are changing or adding.  


48
00:03:33,933 --> 00:03:41,299
If you want to omit words from a quote, either because it is too long or you want to make it more readable, add an ellipses (three dots) to 

49
00:03:41,300 --> 00:03:46,733
signify that part of the quote has been deleted.  This is generally only done in the middle of a sentence, rather than at the beginning or end of 

50
00:03:46,733 --> 00:03:47,833
one.


51
00:03:47,833 --> 00:03:53,633
One thing you may run into is a source with more than three authors.  You will need to include all of these authors in your References page, but for 

52
00:03:53,633 --> 00:04:02,099
your in-text citation, after you have listed them all the first time, you can simply include the last name of the first author and the words “et al.” 

53
00:04:02,100 --> 00:04:03,566
the next time you refer to them.


54
00:04:03,566 --> 00:04:09,699
Indirect quotes are used to cite sources that are cited in other sources.  

55
00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:15,166
This is usually only done if you cannot access the original source and all you have is a secondary source that mentions it. 

56
00:04:15,166 --> 00:04:21,166
To give credit to both sources, add “as cited in” to the parentheses in your in-text citation. 

57
00:04:21,166 --> 00:04:26,966
The citation in the References page remains the same as it would with a direct quote.


58
00:04:26,966 --> 00:04:33,266
Here is a citation from a book.  Note that the print and eBook versions are similar.  

59
00:04:33,266 --> 00:04:35,999
Much of the publication information comes from the title page, near the front of the book.  

60
00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:44,000
In this example, the publisher (Elsevier) and the place of publication (Waltham, MA) are listed near the top, along with the copyright date.  

61
00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:51,533
Note that the publisher information is only necessary in the case of a print book. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data on 

62
00:04:51,533 --> 00:04:56,466
this page also has a wealth of citation information, including the title and the authors. 

63
00:04:56,466 --> 00:05:01,999
If you are citing an eBook, include the homepage of the database or website where you located the book.  

64
00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:05,466
All of Cerro Coso’s eBooks are located at ebscohost.com

65
00:05:05,466 --> 00:05:15,099
When citing an article, you will need the following information: the author names, the year issued, the title of the article, the title of the journal, the 

66
00:05:15,100 --> 00:05:20,533
volume and issue number, the page range, and the DOI number or the home page of the article’s publisher.  

67
00:05:20,533 --> 00:05:28,499
The Digital Object Identifier, or DOI number, is a fairly new invention that uniquely identifies each article published, and should be included for 

68
00:05:28,500 --> 00:05:30,233
both print and electronic articles.  

69
00:05:30,233 --> 00:05:36,166
If your article does not have a DOI number and you accessed a print version, leave it off.  If you 

70
00:05:36,166 --> 00:05:42,466
accessed the online version, include the words “Retrieved From” followed by the web address of the home page of the journal, newsletter, or 

71
00:05:42,466 --> 00:05:44,332
magazine where the article is from.  

72
00:05:44,333 --> 00:05:49,299
This example is from the item record of an article accessed from Academic Search Complete.  

73
00:05:49,300 --> 00:05:56,100
The item record often includes citation information, but if you have a PDF version of the article, much of that information is also included 

74
00:05:56,100 --> 00:05:58,200
at the top and bottom of each page.

75
00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:06,866
When citing a website, you will need the following information: the author names, the publication date of the web page, the title of the article, the 

76
00:06:06,866 --> 00:06:13,366
title of the website, and the web address. Unlike this example, many webpages do not have all of the required information, especially those owned 

77
00:06:13,366 --> 00:06:16,866
by corporations. We will discuss how to handle this on the next slide.  

78
00:06:16,866 --> 00:06:24,432
Sometimes sources are missing key points of citation information.  This is especially the case with websites, which are usually not reviewed by 

79
00:06:24,433 --> 00:06:28,399
editors, publishers, or other scholars. Instead of guessing information or making it up, 

80
00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:33,400
include the information that you do know. For instance, if you do not have a page number for a website, 

81
00:06:33,400 --> 00:06:36,966
identify the quote location using something like “para. 2” for the second paragraph or, 

82
00:06:36,966 --> 00:06:40,366
if the document is long, something like “Results section, para. 2.” 

83
00:06:40,366 --> 00:06:46,666
Sometimes no authors will be listed.  In this case, use the institution instead of a individual creator. 

84
00:06:46,666 --> 00:06:50,866
If you cannot find a date, simply use “n.d.” in parentheses

85
00:06:50,866 --> 00:06:55,699
When working with web pages, please note that there is a difference between the page creation date and the copyright date. 

86
00:06:55,700 --> 00:07:03,466
The creation date is the date that particular page was edited or uploaded to the internet, while the copyright date may include the full range of years 

87
00:07:03,466 --> 00:07:05,066
that the website has been online and running. 

88
00:07:05,066 --> 00:07:11,232
Sometimes, copyright dates are automatically updated, so always try to use the creation date or “n.d.” instead of the copyright date for websites. 

89
00:07:11,233 --> 00:07:16,699
Here is an example of a webpage that is missing some key information.  

90
00:07:16,700 --> 00:07:22,533
There is no author, no date, and no page number.  In this case, we begin our reference with the title, rather than the author.  

91
00:07:22,533 --> 00:07:31,133
We also include the title (or a shortened version of it) in the in-text citation.  No date is included on the page, so we put “n.d.” in parentheses in both 

92
00:07:31,133 --> 00:07:33,699
the references and in-text citation.  

93
00:07:33,700 --> 00:07:38,400
If we were to scroll to the bottom of this page, we would find a copyright notice for 2014.  

94
00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:44,733
However, this date is usually regarded as unreliable since pages sometimes update their copyright date automatically.  

95
00:07:44,733 --> 00:07:50,999
Finally, since there are no page numbers on this website, it is possible to include the location of the quote by counting paragraphs.  

96
00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:57,066
This quote is taken from the second paragraph, so it is possible to add “para. 2” to the citation in place of the page number.

97
00:07:57,066 --> 00:08:06,066
The References page should be formatted according to APA style, with the title “References” centered at the top, and each entry set apart with 

98
00:08:06,066 --> 00:08:11,199
a hanging indent.  For information on how to format your paper, see the video on “Formatting Your Paper in APA.”

99
00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:18,466
Every source you cite in your paper should have an entry in the References page, alphabetized by the first author’s last name.  If there is no author, 

100
00:08:18,466 --> 00:08:25,232
alphabetize by the first word of the title instead.
Note that you should abbreviate the names of publishers so that full names like “McGraw-Hill, 

101
00:08:25,233 --> 00:08:28,066
Inc.” are shortened to “McGraw.”

102
00:08:28,066 --> 00:08:34,032
Thank you for viewing the Cerro Coso Community College Library’s tutorial on citing your paper in APA. If you need more help on 

103
00:08:34,033 --> 00:08:40,199
formatting and citation, visit our Citing Sources page, which has a brief Works Cited PDF as well as links to websites with detailed information 

104
00:08:40,200 --> 00:08:48,066
and examples on these topics, such as Purdue Owl and Hacker Handbooks.  Or come into the library and a librarian will be happy to assist you.