1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:06,466 Welcome to the Cerro Coso Community College Library’s tutorial on citing in APA. 2 00:00:06,466 --> 00:00:11,566 APA provides a uniform standard for formatting, punctuation, style, and citation. 3 00:00:11,566 --> 00:00:17,132 It is developed and used by the American Psychological Association and many courses in the social sciences. 4 00:00:17,133 --> 00:00:21,966 In this video, we will be focusing on using and citing sources in APA format. 5 00:00:21,966 --> 00:00:24,932 So why do we need to cite our sources? 6 00:00:24,933 --> 00:00:27,099 The most important answer is to avoid plagiarism. 7 00:00:27,100 --> 00:00:33,000 According to the Oxford English Dictionary, plagiarism is the act of passing someone else’s work off as your own. 8 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:38,833 In an academic setting, copying someone else’s words without giving them credit can carry severe consequences, 9 00:00:38,833 --> 00:00:40,899 both in college and in your career. 10 00:00:40,900 --> 00:00:45,366 Citing sources allows us to avoid plagiarism by giving credit to the original authors. 11 00:00:45,366 --> 00:00:49,166 This benefits those authors by recognizing their contributions to the field. 12 00:00:49,166 --> 00:00:53,599 By using outside sources, you also strengthen the credibility of your own argument. 13 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:57,266 Not only will quoting other sources help prove that you are not making things up, 14 00:00:57,266 --> 00:01:04,232 but your essay will be more impressive if you can lean on the authority of experts in your field by using their words to back up your arguments. 15 00:01:04,233 --> 00:01:09,266 Finally, citing your sources allows your readers to look up your sources and use them to further their own research. 16 00:01:09,266 --> 00:01:15,032 This also allows them to determine for themselves whether the information is credible and whether you might be misrepresenting the 17 00:01:15,033 --> 00:01:17,133 original author’s intentions. 18 00:01:17,133 --> 00:01:20,699 You do not need to cite every statement made in your essay. 19 00:01:20,700 --> 00:01:22,200 So what should you cite? 20 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:27,500 It depends. You do not need to cite common knowledge, general information, or data you have collected yourself. 21 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:32,800 Most people know that George Washington is the first US President and that Google is a popular search engine. 22 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:39,933 However, very few people just happen to know that George Washington’s father owned 10,000 acres of land or that 65% of web searches are 23 00:01:39,933 --> 00:01:41,033 done using Google. 24 00:01:41,033 --> 00:01:44,099 This data came from a specific source and you will need to cite that source. 25 00:01:44,100 --> 00:01:51,933 You will also need to cite your source whenever you quote something word for word or when you use an image, chart, or graph that someone else 26 00:01:51,933 --> 00:01:52,933 has created. 27 00:01:52,933 --> 00:01:56,833 When you are unsure about whether something needs to be cited, it is usually better to err on the side of citing. 28 00:01:56,833 --> 00:02:03,933 You don’t want to overwhelm your paper with quotes. Use quotes sparingly, and integrate them only where they will strengthen your 29 00:02:03,933 --> 00:02:09,466 argument. You should also use at least twice as much space to explain the quote as the quote itself takes up. 30 00:02:09,466 --> 00:02:15,199 Since your job is to provide analysis in your paper, you should not let a quote stand on its own without devoting some time to explain its 31 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:21,133 purpose. Use quotes to support your ideas, rather than rephrasing the information found in quote. 32 00:02:21,133 --> 00:02:22,466 After all, this is your paper! 33 00:02:22,466 --> 00:02:29,166 Every citation comes in two parts. The first part, the in-text citation is located in the body of your 34 00:02:29,166 --> 00:02:30,366 paper. 35 00:02:30,366 --> 00:02:33,732 This is where you will quote someone’s words or summarize their ideas and relate it to your own argument. 36 00:02:33,733 --> 00:02:39,499 The second part is the bibliographic citation, often located in a separate References page. 37 00:02:39,500 --> 00:02:44,400 This is where you write out the full citation of the item where the information you quoted can be found. 38 00:02:44,400 --> 00:02:46,700 We will look at both of these in greater detail. 39 00:02:46,700 --> 00:02:52,333 Direct quotes are words and sentences that are lifted directly from the source material. 40 00:02:52,333 --> 00:02:58,566 All direct quotes should generally be enclosed between two quotation marks, followed by parentheses that include the author’s last name, 41 00:02:58,566 --> 00:03:01,632 the year of publication, and the page number where the quote is found. 42 00:03:01,633 --> 00:03:06,066 Make sure the period that ends the sentence is outside both the quotation mark and the parentheses. 43 00:03:06,066 --> 00:03:12,732 As long as the information is all present and it is clear whose words are whose, you can vary this formula by breaking up the quote with text of your 44 00:03:12,733 --> 00:03:18,233 own or integrating the author’s name into the sentence and including only the year and page number in the parentheses. 45 00:03:18,233 --> 00:03:26,633 You can also add to or delete from quotes as necessary. Sometimes you will need to add additional words or change verb tenses and 46 00:03:26,633 --> 00:03:29,733 pronouns in order for a quote to flow with the rest of your paper. 47 00:03:29,733 --> 00:03:33,933 You can do this by bracketing the information that you are changing or adding. 48 00:03:33,933 --> 00:03:41,299 If you want to omit words from a quote, either because it is too long or you want to make it more readable, add an ellipses (three dots) to 49 00:03:41,300 --> 00:03:46,733 signify that part of the quote has been deleted. This is generally only done in the middle of a sentence, rather than at the beginning or end of 50 00:03:46,733 --> 00:03:47,833 one. 51 00:03:47,833 --> 00:03:53,633 One thing you may run into is a source with more than three authors. You will need to include all of these authors in your References page, but for 52 00:03:53,633 --> 00:04:02,099 your in-text citation, after you have listed them all the first time, you can simply include the last name of the first author and the words “et al.” 53 00:04:02,100 --> 00:04:03,566 the next time you refer to them. 54 00:04:03,566 --> 00:04:09,699 Indirect quotes are used to cite sources that are cited in other sources. 55 00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:15,166 This is usually only done if you cannot access the original source and all you have is a secondary source that mentions it. 56 00:04:15,166 --> 00:04:21,166 To give credit to both sources, add “as cited in” to the parentheses in your in-text citation. 57 00:04:21,166 --> 00:04:26,966 The citation in the References page remains the same as it would with a direct quote. 58 00:04:26,966 --> 00:04:33,266 Here is a citation from a book. Note that the print and eBook versions are similar. 59 00:04:33,266 --> 00:04:35,999 Much of the publication information comes from the title page, near the front of the book. 60 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:44,000 In this example, the publisher (Elsevier) and the place of publication (Waltham, MA) are listed near the top, along with the copyright date. 61 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:51,533 Note that the publisher information is only necessary in the case of a print book. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data on 62 00:04:51,533 --> 00:04:56,466 this page also has a wealth of citation information, including the title and the authors. 63 00:04:56,466 --> 00:05:01,999 If you are citing an eBook, include the homepage of the database or website where you located the book. 64 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:05,466 All of Cerro Coso’s eBooks are located at ebscohost.com 65 00:05:05,466 --> 00:05:15,099 When citing an article, you will need the following information: the author names, the year issued, the title of the article, the title of the journal, the 66 00:05:15,100 --> 00:05:20,533 volume and issue number, the page range, and the DOI number or the home page of the article’s publisher. 67 00:05:20,533 --> 00:05:28,499 The Digital Object Identifier, or DOI number, is a fairly new invention that uniquely identifies each article published, and should be included for 68 00:05:28,500 --> 00:05:30,233 both print and electronic articles. 69 00:05:30,233 --> 00:05:36,166 If your article does not have a DOI number and you accessed a print version, leave it off. If you 70 00:05:36,166 --> 00:05:42,466 accessed the online version, include the words “Retrieved From” followed by the web address of the home page of the journal, newsletter, or 71 00:05:42,466 --> 00:05:44,332 magazine where the article is from. 72 00:05:44,333 --> 00:05:49,299 This example is from the item record of an article accessed from Academic Search Complete. 73 00:05:49,300 --> 00:05:56,100 The item record often includes citation information, but if you have a PDF version of the article, much of that information is also included 74 00:05:56,100 --> 00:05:58,200 at the top and bottom of each page. 75 00:05:58,200 --> 00:06:06,866 When citing a website, you will need the following information: the author names, the publication date of the web page, the title of the article, the 76 00:06:06,866 --> 00:06:13,366 title of the website, and the web address. Unlike this example, many webpages do not have all of the required information, especially those owned 77 00:06:13,366 --> 00:06:16,866 by corporations. We will discuss how to handle this on the next slide. 78 00:06:16,866 --> 00:06:24,432 Sometimes sources are missing key points of citation information. This is especially the case with websites, which are usually not reviewed by 79 00:06:24,433 --> 00:06:28,399 editors, publishers, or other scholars. Instead of guessing information or making it up, 80 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:33,400 include the information that you do know. For instance, if you do not have a page number for a website, 81 00:06:33,400 --> 00:06:36,966 identify the quote location using something like “para. 2” for the second paragraph or, 82 00:06:36,966 --> 00:06:40,366 if the document is long, something like “Results section, para. 2.” 83 00:06:40,366 --> 00:06:46,666 Sometimes no authors will be listed. In this case, use the institution instead of a individual creator. 84 00:06:46,666 --> 00:06:50,866 If you cannot find a date, simply use “n.d.” in parentheses 85 00:06:50,866 --> 00:06:55,699 When working with web pages, please note that there is a difference between the page creation date and the copyright date. 86 00:06:55,700 --> 00:07:03,466 The creation date is the date that particular page was edited or uploaded to the internet, while the copyright date may include the full range of years 87 00:07:03,466 --> 00:07:05,066 that the website has been online and running. 88 00:07:05,066 --> 00:07:11,232 Sometimes, copyright dates are automatically updated, so always try to use the creation date or “n.d.” instead of the copyright date for websites. 89 00:07:11,233 --> 00:07:16,699 Here is an example of a webpage that is missing some key information. 90 00:07:16,700 --> 00:07:22,533 There is no author, no date, and no page number. In this case, we begin our reference with the title, rather than the author. 91 00:07:22,533 --> 00:07:31,133 We also include the title (or a shortened version of it) in the in-text citation. No date is included on the page, so we put “n.d.” in parentheses in both 92 00:07:31,133 --> 00:07:33,699 the references and in-text citation. 93 00:07:33,700 --> 00:07:38,400 If we were to scroll to the bottom of this page, we would find a copyright notice for 2014. 94 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:44,733 However, this date is usually regarded as unreliable since pages sometimes update their copyright date automatically. 95 00:07:44,733 --> 00:07:50,999 Finally, since there are no page numbers on this website, it is possible to include the location of the quote by counting paragraphs. 96 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:57,066 This quote is taken from the second paragraph, so it is possible to add “para. 2” to the citation in place of the page number. 97 00:07:57,066 --> 00:08:06,066 The References page should be formatted according to APA style, with the title “References” centered at the top, and each entry set apart with 98 00:08:06,066 --> 00:08:11,199 a hanging indent. For information on how to format your paper, see the video on “Formatting Your Paper in APA.” 99 00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:18,466 Every source you cite in your paper should have an entry in the References page, alphabetized by the first author’s last name. If there is no author, 100 00:08:18,466 --> 00:08:25,232 alphabetize by the first word of the title instead. Note that you should abbreviate the names of publishers so that full names like “McGraw-Hill, 101 00:08:25,233 --> 00:08:28,066 Inc.” are shortened to “McGraw.” 102 00:08:28,066 --> 00:08:34,032 Thank you for viewing the Cerro Coso Community College Library’s tutorial on citing your paper in APA. If you need more help on 103 00:08:34,033 --> 00:08:40,199 formatting and citation, visit our Citing Sources page, which has a brief Works Cited PDF as well as links to websites with detailed information 104 00:08:40,200 --> 00:08:48,066 and examples on these topics, such as Purdue Owl and Hacker Handbooks. Or come into the library and a librarian will be happy to assist you.