- WELCOME TO PART FIVE IN THE VIDEO TUTORIAL SERIES
ON ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP REACTIONS.
THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT SECTION.
IT'S GOING TO LOOK AT THE ACYL GROUP TRANSFER REACTIONS.
LET'S GET STARTED.
TO BEGIN, WHAT IN THE WORLD IS ACYL GROUP, RIGHT?
SO, AN ACYL GROUP IS WHEN WE HAVE AN R GROUP BONDED
TO A CARBONYL CARBON AND THEN WHAT HAPPENS HERE--
THIS CAN VARY.
ALL RIGHT?
SO, THAT'S WHY WE DESCRIBE THEM AS ACYL GROUP TRANSFER REACTION.
THIS GROUP RIGHT HERE IS THE ACYL GROUP.
AND OF COURSE THE R CAN BE A SHORT
OR A LONG HYDROCARBON CHAIN.
ALL RIGHTY.
NOW, THE REASON WHY ACYL GROUP TRANSFER REACTIONS ARE
SO IMPORTANT IS BECAUSE THEY ARE GOING TO BE THE PRIMARY PATHWAYS
OF CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM, RIGHT?
SO, WHEN WE HAVE--
IF WE START IN THE MIDDLE WITH SMALL MOLECULES.
ALL RIGHTY.
SO, AND OVER HERE, WOULD BE FOOD.
AND THEN THESE WOULD BE OUR LARGE BIOMOLECULES. OKAY.
IT JUST FITS. ALL RIGHTY.
SO, WHAT WE'VE LEARNED SO FAR, RIGHT?
IS WE TAKE-- RIGHT?
AND REMEMBER THAT FOOD IS ALSO LARGE BIOMOLECULES. OKAY.
BUT THESE BIOMOLECULES MAY NOT BE THE ONES
THAT WE NEED FOR OUR HEALTH.
SO, WE WILL USE CATABOLISM TO BREAK THE FOOD DOWN.
AND SO THIS WILL BE HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS.
AND THEN WE WILL TAKE THOSE SMALL MOLECULES
AND YOU WILL USE ANABOLIC REACTIONS--
ANABOLISM, RIGHT?
TO BUILD THEM UP AND THAT WILL BE THE ACYL
DERIVATIVE FORMATION REACTIONS.
SO, THE REACTIONS THAT WE'RE GOING TO BE STUDYING, RIGHT?
SO, ANABOLISM IS BUILDING AND CATABOLISM IS BREAKING DOWN.
SO, THE REACTIONS THAT WE'RE COVERING IN THIS TUTORIAL,
WE'LL STUDY THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION
OF THE ACYL GROUPS AND THE ACYL DERIVATIVE FORMATION.
SO, THESE ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL REACTIONS OF METABOLISM.
SO, WE'LL START WITH THE CATABOLIC PROCESS, CATABOLISM.
SO, FOR CATABOLISM,
WE WANT TO THINK ABOUT HYDROLYSIS, RIGHT?
LYSIS, RIGHT?
SPLIT APART.
SO, THESE ACYL GROUP HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS ARE
WHERE WE BREAKDOWN OUR FOOD.
AND SO, HERE, WHAT WE ARE GOING TO LEARN
IS MANY OF THE BIOMOLECULES IN OUR FOOD HAVE THIS ACYL GROUP
BUT THEN THIS IS THE PART THAT VARIES.
SO, WE'RE GOING TO BE FOCUSING OUR ATTENTION
ON THIS CARBONYL CARBON.
AND THEN RECOGNIZING THAT WE TREAT THE ACYL GROUP, RIGHT?
AS ITS OWN BE--
YOU KNOW, AS ITS OWN SPECIE SO TO SPEAK.
SO, THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION IS GOING TO COME IN
AND SPLIT THIS BOND RIGHT HERE.
ALL RIGHT?
SO, THIS IS THE WHERE THE WATER
WILL COME IN AND RIP APART THESE LARGE MOLECULES
BREAKING THEM DOWN INTO THE SMALL MOLECULES, RIGHT?
SO, WE CALL THIS ACYL GROUP TRANSFER REACTION
BECAUSE THE ACYL GROUP STAYS TOGETHER.
WHAT'S GOING TO CHANGE, RIGHT?
IS THAT THE WATER COMES IN THE OH OF THE WATER
ALWAYS GOES WITH THE ACYL GROUP.
AND THEN THE REMAINING HYDROGEN FROM THE WATER,
IT IS GOING TO CREATE A BOND WITH WHATEVER IS HAPPENING HERE
WHICH I'M SYMBOLIZING AS THE QUESTION MARK.
AND THE REASON
WHY I'M SYMBOLIZING THAT AS THE QUESTION MARK, RIGHT?
IS BECAUSE THIS VARIES.
SO, LET'S FOCUS ON THIS QUESTION MARK PART
OR LET'S GET OUR BEARINGS NOW, RIGHT?
SO, WE HAVE THREE MAIN REACTIONS WE WANT TO STUDY,
THE CARBOXYLIC ESTERS, THE THIOESTERS, AND THE AMIDES.
SO, THE FIRST THING TO DO IS FOCUS ON OUR CARBONYL GROUP
BECAUSE THAT HELPS US RECOGNIZE THE ACYL GROUP.
OKAY. AND THEN FOR WATER,
WE'RE GOING TO THINK ABOUT WATER AS WE HAVE BEEN.
BREAKING IT INTO THE HYDROXYL AND THE HYDROGEN.
SO, THEN THIS--
SO, THE QUESTION MARK-- ALL RIGHT.
SO, THE QUESTION MARK,
THIS WOULD REPRESENT, RIGHT?
SO, WE COULD HAVE THE ETHER GROUP,
THE SULFIDE GROUP OR THE AMINE GROUP.
THAT'S WHY I PUT A QUESTION MARK
BECAUSE THIS PATHWAY WORKS FOR ALL THREE.
ALL RIGHT.
SO, WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN, RIGHT?
SO, WE KNOW THE BOND THAT BREAKS IS THE BOND
BETWEEN THE ACYL GROUP AND THE VARIABLE GROUP--
THE QUESTION MARK GROUP,
THAT'S WHERE THE WATER COMES IN TO SPLIT,
THAT'S WHERE THE HYDROLYSIS OCCURS.
SO, AS YOU NOTICE, THERE'S OUR CARBONYLS
AND THERE'S OUR ACYL GROUP,
THAT'S WHY WE CALL THESE ACYL TRANSFER REACTIONS
BECAUSE THE ACYL GROUP IS NOT AFFECTED.
SO, AS THE WATER COMES IN, IT SPLITS APART.
SO, THE HYDROXYL PORTION OF THE WATER
ALWAYS GOES WITH THE ACYL GROUP.
AND THEN THE OTHER HYDROGEN GOES WITH WHAT I'VE DESCRIBED, RIGHT?
AS HERE ARE THE QUESTION MARKS.
OOPS. RIGHT?
SO, THE QUESTION MARK IS EITHER THE ETHER GROUP,
THE SULFIDE GROUP,
OR THE AMINE GROUP. OKAY.
SO, NOW THAT WE HAVE AN OVERVIEW OF THIS REACTION,
LET'S PRACTICE. OKAY.
SO, TO PRACTICE THESE THOUGH,
WE'RE FOCUSING ON THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
BUT REMEMBER THAT OUR GOAL IS TO GET TO PHYSIOLOGICAL PH,
RIGHT? SO-- OOPS, I GAVE YOU--
I SHOWED YOU THE ANSWERS.
LET ME GIVE YOU THIS ONE. THIS--
YOURS SHOULD LOOK LIKE THIS. OKAY.
RIGHT. SO, PHYSIOLOGICAL PH, RIGHT, IS 7.4.
SO, IF WE LOOK, RIGHT?
FOR EXAMPLE ACETIC ACID AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH, RIGHT?
WHAT DID WE LEARN ABOUT CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, RIGHT?
THEY ARE GOING TO FORM THE CARBOXYLATE.
IN THIS CASE AN ACETATE ION.
ALL RIGHT.
SO, WE'RE GOING TO NEED TO LAYER.
WE'RE GOING TO LEARN ABOUT HYDROLYSIS
BUT WHEN WE'RE ALL DONE,
WE'RE GOING TO APPLY OUR ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY.
ALL RIGHT.
SO, LET'S GET STARTED.
APPLE FLAVORING IS METHYLBUTANOATE, RIGHT?
SO, BUTANOATE THAT TELLS US, WE HAVE A FOUR CARBON ESTER.
SO, THERE'S OUR FOUR CARBONS,
AND THEN IT'S AN ESTER SO WE CAN PUT IN THE ESTER GROUP
AND THEN THE SUBSTITUTION HERE WOULD BE THE METHYL, CH3. OKAY.
SO, THERE WE HAVE THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
FOR METHYLBUTANOATE WHICH SMELLS AND TASTES LIKE APPLE.
SO, IF YOU'RE A FAN OF, LIKE,
THOSE JOLLY RANCHERS,
THEN YOU TOO ENJOY METHYLBUTANOATE.
OKAY. SO, NOW, LET'S LOOK AT THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION
OF THIS APPLE FLAVORING. ALL RIGHT.
SO, WE'RE GOING TO BRING IN HYDROLYSIS SO, WE KNOW--
WE NEED TO HAVE WATER PRESENT
AND WE'RE GOING TO BE GEARING UP FOR BIOCHEMISTRY SO,
WE'LL JUST ASSUME WE HAVE AN ENZYME,
A CATALYST THERE TO HELP US OUT.
WHEN WE LOOK AT OUR ESTER,
WE FOCUS ON IDENTIFYING THE CARBONYL GROUP
OR THE ACYL GROUP, RIGHT?
SO, THERE'S OUR ACYL GROUP.
AND SO WE KNOW THAT THE WATER IS GOING TO COME IN
AND SPLIT, RIGHT?
BETWEEN THE ACYL GROUP AND OUR VARIABLE GROUP,
THE ETHER GROUP HERE, THE CARBOXYL GROUP.
OKAY. SO, WE WRITE THIS OUT.
AND SO, WE GET THE OH
ON OUR CARBONYL GROUP LIKE WE'VE LEARNED.
AND THEN THE OTHER HYDROGEN GOES WITH THE CARBOXYL GROUP
AND WE HAVE OUR PRODUCTS. OKAY.
HOWEVER, IF THIS IS HAPPENING AT PH 7.4, NOW,
WE NEED TO SHOW THE ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY.
SO, WHAT WE'VE LEARNED ABOUT CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
IS THAT THEY WILL BE DEPROTONATED AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH
BUT THE ALCOHOLS HOWEVER,
THEY REMAIN NEUTRAL. OKAY.
SO, REMEMBERING OUR ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY,
LET'S DRAW ETHANAMINE AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH.
SO, WE HAVE A TWO CARBON CHAIN, RIGHT?
AND WHAT DO WE KNOW?
AMINES ARE PROTONATED AT PH 7.4.
SO, THIS INFORMATION WILL BE HELPFUL
AS WE LOOK AT THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION OF AN AMIDE, RIGHT?
WE FIND OUR CARBONYL CARBON AND IDENTIFY THE ACYL GROUP.
WE RECOGNIZE THAT THE HYDROLYSIS WILL OCCUR--
OOPS, RIGHT HERE,
THAT'S WHERE WE'RE GOING TO BREAK THE BOND.
IT CAN BE HELPFUL TO THINK OF WATER THIS WAY.
SO, AS WE DRAW THE PRODUCT HERE, THE ALCOHOL GROUP
WILL ALWAYS COME IN AND BOND TO THE ACYL GROUP.
AND THEN THE OTHER HYDROGEN WILL BOND WITH THE AMINE. OKAY.
BUT IF THIS IS OCCURRING AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH, RIGHT?
AT PH 7.4, NOW, WE NEED TO APPLY OUR ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY.
SO, JUST, LIKE, IN THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLE WITH THE ESTER, RIGHT?
THE ESTER HYDROLYSIS, RIGHT?
OUR CARBOXYLIC ACID DEPROTONATES TO THE CARBOXYLATE
AND THE AMINE PROTONATES TO THE AMMONIUM ION.
ALL RIGHT. SO, THE--
I THINK THAT THE REACTIONS ARE VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD
AND I ENCOURAGE YOU TO JUST GO STEP BY STEP,
FOCUS ON DOING THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION YOU'VE JUST LEARNED.
AND THEN IF THE QUESTION SPECIFIES PHYSIOLOGICAL PH
THEN TAKE A MOMENT TO REMEMBER TO APPLE THE ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY
WE HAVE LEARNED ABOUT CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
AND AMINES. ALL RIGHT.
SO, THAT'S REALLY ESSENCE OF HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS
THAT WE WILL SEE IN THE CATABOLIC PROCESSES.
NOW, LET'S LOOK AT THE ACYL DERIVATIVE FORMATION.
AND THIS WOULD BE--
OOPS, AND I KEEP GIVING YOU SNEAK PREVIEWS BUT HERE WE GO.
HERE'S THE BLANK VERSION, RIGHT,
SO NOW WE THINK ABOUT ANABOLISM.
THERE YOU ARE. RIGHT.
SO THIS IS ABOUT BUILDING.
AND SO HERE OUR ACYL GROUP BEGINS AS A CARBOXYLIC ACID,
RIGHT, SO THIS IS GOING TO BE THE REVERSE OF THE HYDROLYSIS.
RIGHT, SO HERE'S OUR ACYL GROUP.
AND THERE'S THE CARBOXYLIC ACID.
AND SO NOW, WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO
IS THE SAME GROUPS WE SAW BEFORE,
RIGHT, THEY COULD VARY,
THEY COULD BE THE OR, THE SR,
OR THE NR2, RIGHT, SO THEY'D HAVE THE HYDROGEN PRESENT.
SO HERE, WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN, I'M WRITING A LITTLE BIT,
RIGHT, SO, WE CAN SEE THAT THIS IS--
WE'RE BUILDING, RIGHT?
SO THE HYDROGEN IN THIS--
THIS IS GOING TO COME TOGETHER
TO PRODUCE WATER AND THAT'S THE DERIVATIVE.
WE ARE GOING TO DERIVATIZE THE ACYL GROUP
BY LINKING IT TO A NEW SUBSTITUENT.
SO OUR ACYL GROUP ONCE AGAIN REMAINS INTACT.
THAT'S OUR STABLE--
OUR STABLE BASE
BUT NOW INSTEAD OF BEING BONDED TO A HYDROXYL GROUP,
IT COULD BE BONDED TO EITHER A CARBOXYL GROUP, A SULFIDE,
OR AN AMIDE. ALL RIGHTY.
SO, LET'S SEE HOW WELL YOU'RE DOING.
TAKE A MOMENT TO GET YOUR BEARINGS.
LABEL YOUR ACYL GROUPS
AND SEE IF YOU CAN FIGURE OUT THE MISSING REACTANTS.
SO THE FIRST THING I LIKE TO DO
IS IDENTIFY THE CARBONYL OF THE ACYL GROUP.
AND I KNOW THAT THIS PART REMAINS THE SAME
FOR EACH REACTION.
SO, TO ME, THAT'S A GOOD STARTING POINT.
AND NOW WE LOOK WHAT'S THE SAME, WHAT'S DIFFERENT.
SO WE'RE REPLACING A HYDROXYL WITH A CARBOXYL.
SO THAT WOULD BE OUR FLAG THAT WE ARE--
WE WOULD NEED IN ALCOHOL. RIGHT?
SO THE OH HERE AND THIS H,
THAT'S GOING TO PRODUCE THE WATER.
RIGHT, SO EACH ONE
THESE MISSING REACTANTS IS GOING TO HAVE A HYDROGEN
THAT COMBINES WITH THE HYDROXYL TO PRODUCE WATER.
SO WE KNOW THAT MUCH AND THEN THE REST
OF THE ANSWER IS RIGHT HERE.
RIGHT. SR, ALL RIGHT.
LET'S SEE, YEAH,
WE'LL DO RSH OR NR2H, OKAY?
SO NOTICE HOW THE PARTS IN BLUE MATCH RIGHT,
AND THESE ALL REPRESENT WHAT I
HAVE SYMBOLIZED AS THE QUESTION MARK.
SO, IN AN ACYL DERIVATIVE FORMATION REACTION,
WE ARE BRINGING TOGETHER TWO MOLECULES
TO CREATE A LARGER MOLECULE AND WATER IS A BY-PRODUCT.
ALL RIGHT. SO WE--
THIS IS OFTEN ALSO IN BIOLOGY,
THEY WILL CALL THIS SYNTHETIC DEHYDRATION. OKAY.
WE LEARNED A DEHYDRATION REACTION EARLIER
BUT THIS IS IMPORTANT,
THIS IS SYNTHETIC DEHYDRATION.
AND THE REASON WHY IT'S--
OOPS, I FORGOT IT IN THERE, SYNTHETIC.
ALL RIGHT.
BECAUSE WE'RE GOING FROM TWO MOLECULES,
RIGHT, THAT ARE SMALLER,
RIGHT, TO A LARGER MOLECULE, RIGHT.
OOPS, PLUS WATER. OKAY.
SO AS CHEMISTS, WE REFER TO IT AS AN ACYL DERIVATIVE FORMATION
AND WHEN YOU GET TO YOUR BIO CLASSES,
IT'LL BE CALLED SYNTHETIC DEHYDRATION.
ALL RIGHTY.
SO LET'S PRACTICE A SYNTHETIC DEHYDRATION REACTION HERE,
ACYL DERIVATIVE FORMATION.
LET'S SHOW THE REACTION TO FORM RUM FLAVORING,
ETHYL FORMATE.
ALL RIGHT.
SO IF YOU LOOK AT THIS NAME FORM,
WE'VE SEEN THAT BEFORE,
THAT TELLS US HYDROGEN IS THE R GROUP,
AND SO THAT TELLS US THAT WE HAVE--
AND THE FORMATE WOULD TELL US IT'S AN ESTER,
SO THERE IS THE H FOR THE FORMATE
AND THERE'S OUR ESTER.
AND THEN THE ETHYL GROUP COMES OFF HERE.
ALL RIGHTY.
SO THIS QUESTION'S ASKING HOW WOULD WE FORM THIS?
SO, WE FOCUS ON THE CARBONYL,
SO THAT WE CAN IDENTIFY OUR ACYL GROUP.
WE KNOW THAT THE ACYL GROUP IS--
ARE-- IS LIKE OUR LANDMARK.
SO, TO FORM THIS COMPOUND, WE START WITH A CARBOXYLIC--
I'LL PUT THAT IN GREEN.
WE'LL PUT THAT AS A CARBOXYLIC ACID.
AND THERE'S OUR CARBONYL
AND SO NOW THE QUESTION IS WHAT ALCOHOL DO WE ADD?
SO THAT'S RIGHT HERE.
THAT'S WHAT I'VE DESCRIBED AS THE QUESTION MARK.
SO AS AN ALCOHOL,
IT WOULD HAVE A HYDROGEN AND THEN WE WOULD HAVE OCH2CH3,
RIGHT, THERE'S OUR QUESTION MARK.
SO, IF WE BRING THESE TWO COMPOUNDS TOGETHER,
THEY WILL FORM WATER
AND WE WILL LINK TOGETHER THE FORMATE WITH THE ETHANOL SO,
OUR FINAL PRODUCT
WOULD BE THE RUM FLAVORING RIGHT HERE, OCH2CH3.
SO, THERE IS OUR CARBONYL WITH OUR ACYL GROUP
AND OF COURSE AT THE SAME TIME,
WE'RE PRODUCING WATER. OKAY.
NOW, FOR A GRAND FINALE,
LET'S LOOK AT THE HYDROLYSIS OF ASPARTAME,
THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT
OR THE CHEMICAL FORMULA FOR NUTRASWEET.
SO HERE WE ARE,
AND FOR THIS HYDROLYSIS,
WE ARE GOING TO SHOW OUR PRODUCTS AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH,
PH 7.4, SO, WELL, NOW THIS MOLECULE LOOKS TRICKY.
BUT IF WE USE OUR STRATEGY, WE'LL BE JUST FINE.
SO, I ENCOURAGE YOU,
THE FIRST THING YOU DO IS IDENTIFY ALL THE CARBONYLS.
THESE ARE ALL PLACES OF POTENTIAL HYDROLYSIS.
AND SO NOW, LET'S TAKE IT APART.
SO HERE'S A CARBOXYLIC ACID, SO THAT'S ALREADY HYDROLYZED.
HERE, WE HAVE AN AMIDE THOUGH, RIGHT?
SO THE QUESTION IS,
ARE WE GOING TO HYDROLYZE TO THE LEFT OR THE RIGHT, RIGHT?
SO WE'RE ALWAYS GOING TO HYDROLYZE
BETWEEN THE ACYL CARBONYL CARBON HERE
AND THE QUESTION MARK GROUP, RIGHT?
SO WE SHOULD BE LOOKING FOR OXYGEN,
SULFUR, OR NITROGEN.
SO THE FIRST HYDROLYSIS WILL OCCUR THERE.
AND THEN WE KEEP SCANNING.
OH, AND WE SEE WE HAVE AN ESTER.
ONCE AGAIN, WILL HYDROLYSIS OCCUR ON THE LEFT OR THE RIGHT?
WE LOOK FOR THE HETEROATOM
AND WE KNOW THE HYDROLYSIS WILL OCCUR HERE.
SO, WATER WILL BE COMING IN TO RIP APART
THIS MOLECULE IN THESE TWO LOCATIONS.
SO NOW, IT COULD BE HELPFUL
TO SIMPLY LOOK AT THE PIECES, RIGHT?
HOW MANY PRODUCTS,
HOW MANY HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS WILL WE HAVE, RIGHT?
SO EVERYWHERE, I'VE DRAWN A RED LINE,
WE'RE GOING TO SPLIT THE MOLECULE APART.
SO WE CAN SEE THAT WE WILL HAVE THREE HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS.
OKAY, SO STEP ONE.
LET'S DRAW THEM OUT, OKAY.
SO THE ONLY PLACE THAT THERE'S GOING TO--
THIS IS ALREADY HYDROLYZED,
SO THIS WILL BE WHERE WE HAVE OUR CHANGE,
SO THE MAIN THING HERE IS DOING OUR BEST
TO CORRECTLY DRAW THE R GROUP.
NOW WE SAY, OH,
NOW I KNOW WHY THEY JUST USE RS. OKAY.
SO HERE IS OUR FIRST ACYL GROUP HYDROLYSIS LOCATION
AND WHAT DO WE KNOW?
WE KNOW THAT WE'RE ALWAYS GOING TO PUT THE OH GROUP
WITH OUR CARBONYL CARBON.
NOW, WE COME TO OUR SECOND PRODUCT.
SO WE'RE GOING TO BEGIN AT THE NITROGEN
AND IT ALREADY HAS ONE HYDROGEN PRESENT
AND WE'LL FINISH UP THE CARBON CHAIN,
SO THIS IS VERY BUSY, RIGHT?
SO OVER HERE, RIGHT,
IF WE'RE DOING THE HYDROLYSIS OF AN AMIDE,
RIGHT, THE OH OF THE WATER GOES WITH THE CARBONYL,
AND THE H GOES WITH THE HETEROATOM,
SO THAT'S WHAT'S HAPPENING ON THE LEFT.
ON THE RIGHT, RIGHT?
THE CARBONYL ALWAYS GETS THE OH
AND THEN WE HAVE OUR LAST PRODUCT HERE,
THE HETEROATOM, RIGHT, SO THE METHOXIDE,
SO THAT WOULD PRODUCE THE METHANOL.
SO NOW, HERE'S OUR--
WE HAD PREDICTED THREE HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS,
HERE THEY ARE, ONE, TWO AND THREE,
SO THAT WAS--
THIS IS THE NEW INFORMATION THAT WE'VE LEARNED IN THIS TUTORIAL.
AND NOW TO FINISH THIS UP TO GET THE FINAL ANSWER,
WE WANT TO TAKE AND SHOW THE STRUCTURES
AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH.
SO, SHOW STRUCTURES AT PH 7.4.
SO REMEMBER, HERE,
WE'RE ONLY FOCUSING ON CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND AMINES.
SO, FOR THE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS,
WE SHOW THOSE AS CARBOXYLATES AND THEN THE AMINES,
RIGHT, WE PROTONATE THOSE
AND THEN WE HAVE ANOTHER CARBOXYLIC ACID, RIGHT?
SO WE DEPROTONATE--
OOPS, LET ME SLIDE THIS UP.
SO, WE DEPROTONATE ALL OF OUR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
AND WE'RE GOING TO PROTONATE ALL AMINES.
SO WE GET TO OUR SECOND PRODUCT AND WE AN AMINE,
SO WE'RE GOING TO PROTONATE THAT AND THEN WE'RE GOING TO FOLLOW
ALONG FOR OUR CARBON CHAIN,
MAKE SURE WE GET ALL OF THAT CORRECT,
AND NOW WE'RE GOING TO DE-CARBOXYLATE
OUR CARBOXYLIC ACID AND THEN FOR OUR THIRD PRODUCT,
IT'S AN ALCOHOL, RIGHT?
SO, AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH,
WE ARE ONLY FOCUSING ON THE CHANGES
OF ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY
OF THE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THE AMINES.
SO THERE IS NO CHANGE TO THE ALCOHOL AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH.
SO HERE WOULD BE THE CORRECT ANSWER
TO SHOW THE HYDROLYSIS OF ASPARTAME,
AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH.
ALL RIGHTY.
SO THAT CONCLUDES THIS VIDEO TUTORIAL.
PLEASE TAKE SOME TIME NOW TO WORK SOME HOMEWORK PROBLEMS,
AND IF YOU HAVEN'T EMBRACED THE USE
OF COLORED PENS AND PENCILS,
THIS MAY BE A TIME TO GIVE THEM A TRY.
I THINK THEY'LL REALLY HELP TO BE ABLE
TO PREDICT PRODUCT SUCCESSFULLY.